Three Big Bangs Read online

Page 16


  Mechelli, Andrea et al. 2004. “Structural Plasticity in the Bilingual Brain,” Nature 431 (14 October): 757.

  Merzenich, Michael. 2001. “The Power of Mutable Maps.” In Mark F. Bear, Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso, Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 2nd ed., box essay, 418. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

  Monod, Jacques. 1972. Chance and Necessity. New York: Random House.

  Nave, C. R. 2002. “Big Bang Expansion and the Fundamental Forces.” HyperPhysics, http:\hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/unify.html (accessed August 24, 2008).

  Niklas, Karl J. 1986. “Large-Scale Changes in Animal and Plant Terrestrial Communities” In D. M. Raup and D. Jablonski, eds., Patterns and Processes in the History of Life, 383–405. New York: Springer-Verlag.

  Niklas, Karl J., Bruce H. Tiffney, and Andrew H. Knoll. 1985. “Patterns in Vascular Land Plant Diversification: An Analysis at the Species Level.” In James W. Valentine, ed., Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution, 97–128. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  Noble, Denis. 2006. The Music of Life. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Oberhummer, H., A. Csótó, and H. Schlattl. 2000. “Stellar Production Rates of Carbon and Its Abundance in the Universe.” Science 289 (7 July): 88–90.

  Pace, Norman R. 2001. “The Universal Nature of Biochemistry.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 98:805–808.

  Padian, K. and W. A. Clemens. 1985. “Terrestrial Vertebrate Diversity: Episodes and Insights.” In James W. Valentine, ed., Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution, 41–96. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  Pantev, Christo et al. 1998. “Increased Auditory Cortical Representation in Musicians.” Nature 392 (23 April): 811–814.

  Pascal, Blaise. 1958. Pascal’s Pensées (1670). New York: E. P. Dutton.

  Pennisi, Elizabeth. 1999. “Are Our Primate Cousins ‘Conscious’?” Science 284: 2073–2076.

  ———. 2006. “Brain Evolution on the Far Side” Science 314 (13 October): 244–245.

  Penrose, Roger. 2005. The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe. New York: Knopf.

  Perry, D. A., M. P. Amaranthus, J. G. Borchers, S. L. Borchers, and R. E. Brainerd. 1989. “Bootstrapping in Ecosystems.” BioScience 39:230–237.

  Perutz, M. F. 1983. “Species Adaptation in a Protein Molecule.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 1:1–28.

  Pielou, E. C. 1975. Ecological Diversity. New York: Wiley.

  Pilbeam, D. 1972. The Ascent of Man: An Introduction to Human Evolution. New York: Macmillan.

  Polkinghorne, John and Nicholas Beale. 2009. Questions of Truth. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.

  Popper, Karl R. 1990. A World of Propensities. Bristol, England: Thoemmes.

  Potts, Richard. 2004. “Sociality and the Concept of Culture in Human Origins.” In Robert W. Sussman and Audrey R. Chapman, eds., The Origins and Nature of Sociality, 249–269. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

  Povinelli, Daniel J., Jesse M. Bering, and Steve Giambrone. 2000. “Toward a Science of Other Minds: Escaping the Argument from Analogy.” Cognitive Science 24: 509–541.

  Povinelli, Daniel J. and Jennifer Vonk. 2003. “Chimpanzee Minds: Suspiciously Human?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7, no. 4: 157–160.

  Premack, David. 1985. “‘Gavagai!’ or the Future History of the Animal Language Controversy.” Cognition 19:207–296.

  ———. 2004. “Is Language the Key to Human Intelligence.” Science 303:318–320.

  Prigogine, Ilya and Stengers, Isabelle. 1984. Order out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature. New York: Bantam Books.

  Rees, Martin. 2000. Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe. New York: Basic Books.

  ———. 2001. Our Cosmic Habitat. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  Rendell, Luke and Hal Whitehead. 2001. “Culture in Whales and Dolphins.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24: 309–382.

  Richerson, Peter J. and Robert Boyd. 2005. Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Ringe, Dagmar and Gregory A. Petsko. 2008. “How Enzymes Work.” Science 320 (13 June): 1428–1429.

  Ruse, Michael. 1986. Taking Darwin Seriously. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

  ———. 1996. Monad to Man: The Concept of Progress in Evolutionary History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Sakai, Kuniyoshi L. 2005. “Language Acquisition and Brain Development.” Science 310 (4 November): 815–819.

  Scott, Alwyn, 1995. Stairway to the Mind: The Controversial New Science of Consciousness. New York: Copernicus; Springer-Verlag.

  ———. 2002. Neuroscience: A Mathematical Primer. New York: Springer-Verlag.

  Shapiro, James A. 2002. “Genome System Architecture and Natural Genetic Engineering.” In Laura F. Landweber and Erik Winfree, eds., Evolution as Computation, 1–14. New York: SpringerVerlag.

  ———. 2005. “A 21st Century View of Evolution: Genome System Architecture, Repetitive DNA, and Natural Genetic Engineering.” Gene 345: 91–100.

  Signor, Philip W., 1990. “The Geologic History of Life.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21:509–539.

  Simpson, George Gaylord. 1967. The Meaning of Evolution, rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press

  Singer, Peter. 1994. Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Skinner, H. Catherine W. 2002. “In Praise of Phosphates, or Why Vertebrates Chose Apatite to Mineralize Their Skeletal Elements.” In W. G. Ernst, ed., Frontiers in Geochemistry: Organic, Solution, and Ore Deposit Geochemistry, vol. 2, 41–49. Columbia, MD: Bellwether Publishing and Geological Society of America.

  Smolin, Lee. 1997. The Life of the Cosmos. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  Stanley, Steven M. 2007. “An Analysis of the History of Marine Animal Diversity.” Paleobiology 33, no. 4 (supplement): 1–55.

  Sterelny, Kim and Paul E. Griffiths. 1999. Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Stevenson, Robert Louis. 1903. “Pulvis et Umbra.” In Across the Plains, 289–301. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

  Stoeger, William R. 2007. “Reductionism and Emergence: Implications for the Interaction of Theology with the Natural Sciences.” In Nancey Murphy and William R. Stoeger, eds., Evolution and Emergence: Systems, Organisms, Persons, 229–247. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Tattersall, Ian. 1998. Becoming Human: Evolution and Human Uniqueness. New York: Harcourt Brace.

  Taylor, Paul D. and Gilbert P. Larwood, eds. 1990. Major Evolutionary Radiations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

  Tegmark, Max. 1998. “Is ‘the Theory of Everything’ Merely the Ultimate Ensemble Theory?” Annals of Physics 270:1–51.

  ———. 2003. “Parallel Universes.” Scientific American 288, no. 5 (May): 30–41.

  Templeton, Christopher N., Erick Greene, and Kate Davis. 2005. “Allometry of Alarm Calls: Black-Capped Chickadees Encode Information About Predator Size.” Science 308 (24 June): 1934–1937.

  Thornton, Alex and Katherine McAuliffe. 2006. “Teaching in Wild Meerkats.” Science 313 (14 July): 227–229.

  Tomasello, Michael. 1999. The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Tomasello, Michael, Ann Cale Kruger, and Hilary Horn Ratner. 1993. “Cultural Learning.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 3: 495–552.

  Tye, Michael. 1997. “The Problem of Simple Minds: Is There Anything It Is Like to Be a Honey-Bee?” Philosophical Studies 88:289–317.

  Tylor, E. B. 1903. Primitive Cultures. 4th ed., 2 vols. London: John Murray.

  Valentine, James W. 1969. “Patterns of Taxonomic and Ecological Structure of the Shelf Benthos During Phanerozoic Time.” Palaeontology 12:684–709.

  ———. 1973. Evolutionary Paleoecology of the Marine Biosphere. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.


  ———. 2004. On the Origin of Phyla. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  van Lawick-Goodall, Jane. 1971. In the Shadow of Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

  Venter, J. Craig et al. 2001. “The Sequence of the Human Genome.” Science 291 (16 February): 1304–1351.

  Vermeij, Geerat J. 1987. Evolution and Escalation: An Ecological History of Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  Vickers-Rich, Patricia and Patricia Komarower, eds. 2007. The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. Bath, UK: The Geological Society.

  Vilenkin, Alexander. 2006. “The Vacuum Energy Crisis.” Science 312:1148–1149.

  Vogel, Gretchen. 1999. “Chimps in the Wild Show Stirrings of Culture.” Science 284 (24 June): 2070–2073.

  von Baeyer, Hans Christian. 2003. Information: The New Language of Science. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

  Ward, Peter D. and Donald Brownlee. 2000. Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York: Copernicus; Springer-Verlag.

  Weinberg, Steven. 1988. The First Three Minutes. New York: Basic Books.

  ———. 2002. “Is the Universe a Computer?” New York Review of Books 49, no. 16 (October 24): 43–47.

  Westheimer, F. H. 1987. “Why Nature Chose Phosphates.” Science 235 (6 March): 1173–1178.

  Wheeler, John A. 1975. “The Universe as Home for Man.” In Owen Gingerich, ed. The Nature of Scientific Discovery, 261–296. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

  ———. 1994. At Home in the Universe. Woodbury, NY: AIP Press, American Institute of Physics.

  ———. 1999. “Information, Physics, Quantum: The Search for Links.” In Anthony J. G. Hey, ed., Feynman and Computation: Exploring the Limits of Computers, 309–336. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.

  Whiten, Andrew. 2005. “The Second Inheritance System of Chimpanzees and Humans.”Nature 437 (1 September): 52–55.

  Whitesides, George M. 2008. “Foreword: The Improbability of Life.” In John D. Barrow, Simon Conway Morris, Stephen J. Freeland, and Charles L.Harper, Jr., eds., Fitness of the Cosmos for Life: Biochemistry and Fine-Tuning, xi-xix. Cambridge: Cambrige University Press.

  Whittaker, R. H. 1972. “Evolution and Measurement of Species Diversity.” Taxon 21: 213–251.

  Wiener, Norbert. 1948. Cybernetics. New York: Wiley.

  Wigner, Eugene P. 1960. “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences.” Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 13 (1960): 1–14.

  Wilczek, Frank. 1999. “Getting Its from Bits.” Nature 397: 303–306.

  Williams, Robert J. P. 1953. “Metal Ions in Biological Systems.” Biological Reviews 28:381–415.

  ———. 2000. “The Inorganic Chemistry of Life.” In Nina Hall, ed., The New Chemistry, 259–299. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Wilson, Edward O. 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  ———. 1978. On Human Nature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  ———. 1984. Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  ———. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Wistow, Graeme. 1993. “Lens Crystallins: Gene Recruitment and Evolutionary Dynamism.” Trends in Biochemical Sciences 18: 301–306.

  Wolfram, Stephen. 2002. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media.

  Wrangham, Richard W., W. C. McGrew, Frans B. M. De Waal, and Paul G. Heltne, eds. 1994. Chimpanzee Cultures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Yokey, Hubert P. 2005. Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Zimmer, Carl. 2003. “How the Mind Reads Other Minds.” Science 300 (16 May): 1079–1080.

  INDEX

  accident. See also contingency, randomness

  acetylcholine

  agency

  algorithms

  Alroy, John

  Alumets, J.

  amphibians

  Anderson, Stephen A.

  anthropic principle,

  amino acids

  Anderson, F. W.

  apatite

  Appenzeller, Tim

  Arendt, Detlev

  astrobiology

  astronomy, chapter 1

  astrophysics

  atmosphere

  ATP, ADP (adenosine triphosphate, diphosphate)

  attractors

  autonomy. See also freedom

  Ayala, Francisco, J.

  bacteria

  Bains, William

  Bak, Per

  Barr, Stephen M.

  Barrow, John

  bats

  Beale, Nicholas

  Bear, Mark F.

  Bénard cells

  Benton, M. J.

  Berring, Jesse M.

  Bever, Thomas

  beryllium

  Big Bang, chapter 1

  biocomplexity

  biodiversity; microbial

  biomorphs

  biology, chapter 2, astrobiology; evolutionary, See also evolution

  birds

  birthing

  black holes

  Boehm, Christopher

  Bonner, John

  Boyd, Robert

  Brading, Katherine

  Brahman

  brains, animal

  brains, human, chapter 3; cranial cortex; explosive evolution of; mutable maps

  Bray, Dennis

  Brockman, John

  Brown, Mark T.

  Brownlee, Donald

  Bryne, Richard

  Buddhism

  Burger, William C.

  Burgess Shale

  Burtt, E. A.

  Cambrian explosion

  Campbell, Donald T.

  carbon

  Caro, T. M.

  Carr, Bernard J.

  Castellane, Elena

  catalysis

  causation; in culture; nonlinear; top-down

  celestial decay

  Chaplin, Marton F.

  chance. See contingency, randomness

  chaos

  chemistry; periodic table

  Cheney, Dorothy L.

  Chengjiang geological site, China

  chickadees

  chickens

  Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium

  chimpanzees

  China

  chlorine

  chlorophyll

  chloroplasts

  Chomsky, Noam

  chordates

  Christianity

  Christiansen, Morton H.

  Clayton, Donald D.

  Clemens. W. A.

  climate

  cnidarians

  cognition, chapter 3

  coincidence

  combinatorial explosion

  communication, animal

  complexity

  computer(s); universe as

  conflict and resolution

  Connors, Barry W.

  contingency

  consciousness, chapter 3

  convergence

  Conway Morris, Simon

  co-option

  Copernicus, Nicolaus

  corals

  cosmology, chapter 1

  cosmological constant

  Cowan, W. Maxwell

  creation

  creativity

  Cretaceous Period

  Crick, Francis

  crystals; in snowflakes

  culture

  cultural; explosion; cumulative transmissible; defined; in animals; super-culture

  cybernetics

  Darwin, Charles

  Davies, Paul

  Dawkins, Richard

  Day, William

  Deacon, Terrence

  death

  de Duve, Christian

  de LaPlace, Pierre Simon, Marquis,

  de Waal, Frans

  Dennett, Daniel

  determinism

  Devonian Period

  Dickson, Barry J.

 
dinosaurs

  disorder. See order: and disorder

  dissipative structures

  DNA

  Dobzhansky, Theodosius

  dolphins

  Doppler effect

  Dorus, Steve

  Draganski, Bogdan

  Dyall, Sabrina D.

  Earth (planet)

  economics

  ecosystems

  Ediacaran Period

  Eigen, Manfred

  Einstein, Albert

  Eisemann, C. H.

  Elbert, Thomas

  electromagnetism

  elephants

  Ellis, George F. R.

  emergence

  Enard

  energy, chapter 1; dark

  endorphins

  endosymbiosis

  environmental conductance

  environmental resistance

  enzymes

  Erwin, Douglas H.

  ethics; in animals,

  eucaryotes

  Europe

  evolution; as tinkering; explosive; evolutionary epic; of caring; of hearing; of human brain; of humans; of language; of suffering; punctuated equilibrium

  Existenz

  exobiology

  expansion of universe

  experience, felt

  extinction

  facilitated variation (genetics)

  fallacy, rarification

  feedback

  fine structure constant

  fine-tuning (biology)

  fine-tuning (of universe)

  Finney, John L.

  Firth, Christopher

  Fitch, W. Tecumseh

  Flanagan, Owen

  Fodor, J.

  forests

  foundations

  foxes

  FOXP2 gene

  fractals

  Franks, Nigel R.

  freedom

  Freud, Sigmund

  front-loading

  fundamental forces, four

  Fuster, Joaquín M.

  Gabora, Liane

  Gaia

  galaxies

  Galef, Bennett G., Jr.

  García-Ruiz, Juan Manuel

  Gardiner, Martin

  Gazzaniga, Michael

  Geist (German)

  Genesis (Bible)

  genetic engineering

  genetics; and human brain; and language; and information generating; error, error correction in; genetic code

  geology

  geomorphology

  Gerhart, John C.

  Ghysen, Alain

  Giambrone, Steve

  Gianaro, Catherine

  God

  Golden Rule

  good and evil. See also ethics

  Goodall, Jane

  Good Samaritan

  gorillas

  Gould, Stephen Jay

  Grand Canyon